La Caixa Foundation

Under cinema's spell

The realm of fantasy is a very wide one. In fact, its definition, when it comes to art, tends to depend on the artistic field. Pierre-George Castex defines it as “the brutal intrusion of mystery in real life”. This is the generic conception. Now if we try to narrow it down to the cinematographic field, a film of fantasy can just as well be one of science fiction as a horror movie. The point is to build the story on supernatural elements, from the world of magic and imagination. It doesn’t matter if the result is Alien or Harry Potter, it will still be a fantasy movie.

And so is A Trip to the Moon by Georges Méliès, who invented fantasy in cinema with this short film in 1902. But it does not come from anywhere. Most of the first productions categorised as fantasy draw inspiration from literature. Lots of stories had been told about going to the Moon at the time Méliès directed his film. We can think of course about Jules Vernes’ travels. Although he was probably the most famous, he was not the only one.

Since its birth, cinema had to face the concurrence of theatre. That’s why directors and producers soon started to develop special effects, to play on the scenery and the costumes as well as the angles of the camera to make a stronger impression on the spectator. And especially because cinema looks like real life, it is the perfect medium to make people believe in what is obviously unlikely to happen.

When I was growing up, I heard several times adults tell me that cinema is the literature for the lazy, because you don’t have to imagine by yourself. It is already there before your eyes. It was probably to encourage me to read but we need to acknowledge that visual culture does shape our imagination. In 1931, when James Whale adapted Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Whale gave Dr Frankenstein’s monster a face that everybody now knows. It wasn’t the first adaption, not even in a movie, but thanks to the evolutions of the medium and to a very detailed costume of the creature, it sure made a strong impression on spectators. Since this movie, the creature has always had the same features such was the power of the visual culture in our collective imaginary. And indeed who could read Frankenstein nowadays and imagine the creature in a whole different way?

And so is A Trip to the Moon by Georges Méliès, who invented fantasy in cinema with this short film in 1902. But it does not come from anywhere. Most of the first productions categorised as fantasy draw inspiration from literature. Lots of stories had been told about going to the Moon at the time Méliès directed his film. We can think of course about Jules Vernes’ travels. Although he was probably the most famous, he was not the only one.

Since its birth, cinema had to face the concurrence of theatre. That’s why directors and producers soon started to develop special effects, to play on the scenery and the costumes as well as the angles of the camera to make a stronger impression on the spectator. And especially because cinema looks like real life, it is the perfect medium to make people believe in what is obviously unlikely to happen.

When I was growing up, I heard several times adults tell me that cinema is the literature for the lazy, because you don’t have to imagine by yourself. It is already there before your eyes. It was probably to encourage me to read but we need to acknowledge that visual culture does shape our imagination. In 1931, when James Whale adapted Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Whale gave Dr Frankenstein’s monster a face that everybody now knows. It wasn’t the first adaption, not even in a movie, but thanks to the evolutions of the medium and to a very detailed costume of the creature, it sure made a strong impression on spectators. Since this movie, the creature has always had the same features such was the power of the visual culture in our collective imaginary. And indeed who could read Frankenstein nowadays and imagine the creature in a whole different way?

Universal Studios

When I was growing up, I heard several times adults tell me that cinema is the literature for the lazy, because you don’t have to imagine by yourself. It is already there before your eyes. It was probably to encourage me to read but we need to acknowledge that visual culture does shape our imagination. In 1931, when James Whale adapted Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Whale gave Dr Frankenstein’s monster a face that everybody now knows. It wasn’t the first adaption, not even in a movie, but thanks to the evolutions of the medium and to a very detailed costume of the creature, it sure made a strong impression on spectators. Since this movie, the creature has always had the same features such was the power of the visual culture in our collective imaginary. And indeed who could read Frankenstein nowadays and imagine the creature in a whole different way?

Besides, fantasy movies are often the most profitable ones. During the period of the cinematic golden era, more or less between the 1930s and 50s, there were two types of productions in Hollywood: ‘A’ movies with the stars of the period so very expensive to produce and ‘B’ movies made on a budget and often about crime stories or fantastic events. They had to create special effects without any money so if you watch it now, it looks a bit old-fashioned. But it worked! The studios made a lot of profit with these as they didn’t cost much and it dragged a lot of people who wanted sensations.

The success of these productions gave birth to what we know today as blockbusters. The aim of blockbusters at first was to produce a movie with a low budget but that would drag so many people to the cinemas that it would explode the box office. The heir of ‘B’ movies. The difference is that studios started to give more money to blockbusters and stars began to appear in the casting. The magic recipe was found and it has been transmitted over generations. Since the 1990s, blockbusters have always made more entries than other movies. Star Wars, Jaws, The Thing… it rings a bell right?

Marvel Studios and DC Comics got that very well too. It was accompanied by the incredible evolution of special effects. From Méliès’ magic tricks on camera to Thor invoking thunder with his hammer, we went a long way. It is due to several technicians and scientists who tried to improve the system. The blue screen appeared in the 1940s thanks to Lawrence Butler. It was improved by Petro Vlahos in 1950 and continued to evolve, becoming green at some point because it allowed more precision. Since the numeric, of course, we can basically create anything.

All of this is the basis of fantasy, with make-up, music and staging. It makes aliens and superheroes look real, as well as magicians or vampires. Fantasy is about entering into the realm of imagination. When entering the cinema to see these movies, we escape into the imagination of the director and suddenly, we find ourselves in another world.

Designed by: Nina Gueorguieva